Friday, January 18, 2013

Activity #6

Temperature Conversions

0 degrees F = 255.372222222222 Kelvin
32 degrees F= 273.15 Kelvin
70 degrees F= 294.26111111 Kelvin
212 degrees F= 373.15 Kelvin



Here is a diagram that puts all of the different temperature systems into context, and below is the conversion table:
Fromto Fahrenheitto Celsiusto Kelvin
ºFF(ºF - 32)/1.8(ºF-32)*5/9+273.15
ºC(ºC * 1.8) + 32CºC + 273.15
K(K-273.15)*9/5+32K - 273.15K
Table 1: Temperature conversion
Below is the results from my worksheet. (4 Pictures)

NOTE: I DO NOT KNOW WHY I CAN NOT ROTATE THE PICTURES SO THEY ARE RIGHTSIDE UP.



When doing this lab I chose the water molecule and cooled the water to 0 degrees Kelvin. The water molecules were very close to each other and moved very slowly. When I switched the taps I realized that would be at or below 155 K and the lower the pressure the lower the temperature needs to be to make Oxygen turn into a liquid.

In this activity, I used software and other technologies to present my data, and I now understand that substances can exist in different states of matter.





Activity #5

After making two atoms from the website provided in the requirements, here is what I came up with.

The first atom I made was Boron, and it had five protons, five neutrons,  and three electrons. The net charge is +2, the mass number is ten. The atomic weight is 10.81 and the density is 2.37 grams per cubic centimeter.

The second atom I made was Oxygen, and it had eight protons, eight neutrons,  and eight electrons  The net charge is +/- 0, the mass number is 16. The atomic weight is 15.9994 and the density is 1.429 grams per cubic centimeter.

Density = Mass/Volume (g/ml). The simple definition of density: the amount of mass or matter in any given volume.


After completing this I found out that the mass of the ice cube was 4.00 kg, the volume was 4.28 L, and the density of the ice cube is 0.92 kg/l. I actually experimented with all of the possible options from the stimulation, and thought it was very cool to see not only the mass, volume, and density's corresponding but also how much the water shifted every option I clicked.

Sunday, January 13, 2013

Activity #4


Standard A
A.4.1 When conducting science investigations, ask and answer questions that will help decide the general areas of science being addressed.

I met this in high school but also in my apprenticeship for work I am currently serving. I am a funeral director’s apprentice. And when I need to understand something better I ask questions, and my mentor will help me better understand what he is doing, or what I am supposed to be doing. I also covered this in high school while we were in labs and met requirements for certain labs. At the end we would conclude with what could have worked better or what didn’t work, and why.

Standard B
B.4.2 Acquire information about people who have contributed to the development of major ideas in the sciences and learn about the cultures in which these people lived and worked.

This standard I met also in my apprenticeship not only with my mentor, but dealing with doctors and coroners. Understanding what the causes of deaths were and certain terminologies were. I helped contribute by talking to them, or asking questions if I didn’t understand. I also relayed the message to the family if they asked me questions about what was recorded.

Standard C

C.4.1 Use the vocabulary of the unifying themes to ask questions about objects, organisms, and events being studied.

This was met in my Medical Terminology class that I took here at the Tech. I studied weekly to better understand the words from the chapter. If I had trouble I asked the teacher or my friends’ mother who is very knowledgeable because of her profession in the hospital. The quizzes and exams gave me feedback to better understand how much I really learned throughout the week of studying.

Standard D
D.4.5 Construct simple models of what is happening to materials and substances undergoing change, using simple instruments or tools to aid observations and collect data. For these experiments we used many things that could be found in a common household to make the experiment simple and real and the changes were done me simple heat, like using a burner, or freezing which is also simple. This made me realize that science exsits in more than just the classroom since we used things I knew I had in my house.

Standard E
E.4.1 Investigate that earth materials are composed of rocks and soils and correctly use the vocabulary for rocks, minerals, and soils during these investigations
This standard was met to proficient values in my Environmental Science high school classes. We also did this when we were younger in middle school. We made displays with food items to replicate the crusts of the earth. This was a very good activity for us as it made things simple for us to better understand it. The high school classes were more in depth and painted a bigger picture for when we got older.

Standard F
F.4.2 Investigate* how organisms, especially plants, respond to both internal cues (the need for water) and external cues (changes in the environment)

This standard was met in my high school Bio class when we had various plants in our classroom and worked with them, while recording the results we saw. Throughout the school year we recorded our results. The point of this, though, was not to see how fast we could kill a plant but rather to discover what environments are best fit for certain plants and how they handle being away from their traditional environment.

Standard G
G.4.4 Identify* the combinations of simple machines in a device used in the home, the workplace, or elsewhere in the community, to make or repair things, or to move goods or people.

This class was met for me in my college marketing classes as well as in the work place. We use simple tools and other things to make things easier on ourselves daily. Transportation in our industry is sometimes needed. It was always done as safe and respectful as possible. Safety is always important in our workplace, and devices and machines are used regularly to make that easier.

Standard H
H.4.4 Develop* a list of issues that citizens must make decisions about and describe* a strategy for becoming informed about the science behind these issues.

This standard was met in my environmental science class. We were studying national disease and we broke down the differences in the diseases and how to prevent getting it, as well as how to treat it if you were unfortunate enough to get the diseases. We also covered this in health classes and we were taught the differences of diseases and how they are obtained. Most of these were sexual diseases.

Part 2
1.      1. What do you see are big changes compared to the previous standards?
2.     
I I don’t see many things being changed from the previous standards. The only thing I could see that could be changed is the ages that people are taught things. Sometimes things are a little too complex for people of a younger age to understand and that is why I think that is the only possible thing that could be changed of all of the standards.

2. How are these standards connected to the other disciplines such as math and literacy?

I navigated the provided website I saw the standards were connected to disciplines such as math and English in various ways one being their framework. The whole idea of standards and the standards themselves come from people who know the field and its information well. They have worked with various age groups and know their potential and their struggles. Just like other disciplines, the science standards are based on a total different standard. It is taught differently as well. The standards have been tested and well research and are not just full of thoughts and ideas. There have been several experiments in different classrooms in various regions to set this national standard and the standards of the various disciplines.

3. What do you see will be challenges for teachers when considering some of the changes in the proposed science standards? Some of the teachers might face a difficulty in the proposed science standards because of the variety of learning styles in the classroom. Some people learn different ways and in different speeds. The teachers could face frustration and get upset about the students trying to reach these standards. You can see this when other teachers teach. They all have different styles and have different talents, as well as difficulties. These are some very hard times teachers could face.

Activity #3


1. Post a picture of three 3-dimensional Ball and Stick molecular models(choose your three favorite molecules) that you have created with common items around your home. Also post a molecular structure image(image from the web, of either a Kekule Structure or a Ball and Stick Model) and the IUPAC name of the molecule.

Water
H2O
Oxidane  




Ammonia
NH3
Azane




Salt
NaCl
Sodium Chloride 




2. Post an image from the web, the chemical systematic (IUPAC) name, common name, and the molecule formula for 20 chemicals that you use or eat. Explore the ingredients of things like cosmetics and foods.

Common Name: Milk
β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose
C12H22O11

Common Name: Deodorant
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
AlCl3

Common Name: Mouthwash
Hexadecylpyridinium chloride
C21H38ClN

Common Name: Cologne
Chloroethane
C2H5Cl

Common Name: Toothpaste
Sodium Fluoride
NaF

Common Name: Laundry Detergent
Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate
Na2(B4O5(OH)4)8H20

Common Name: Baking Soda
Sodium Bicarbonate
NaCHO3

Common Name: Pepper
IUPAC Name: Piperine
Molecular Formula: C17H19NO3

Common Name: Salt
IUPAC Name: Sodium Chloride
Molecular Formula: NaCl

Common Name: Water
IUPAC Name: Oxidane
Molecular Formula: H2O

Bleach
Sodium hypochlorite
NaCLO

I looked up 11 common household items and gathered there information.

3. Look over your molecules and the bonding characteristics, how many bonds does each of the following elements typically have?  Carbon? Hydrogen? Oxygen?
Carbon: 4
Hydrogen: 1
Oxygen: 1

4. What does IUPAC stand for?
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Activity #2-Brandon Hulke

Periodic Table Reference 
Starting Materials 


The Key


Hydrogen
1 electron, 1 proton, 0 neutrons

Helium
2 electrons, 2 protons, 2 neutrons

Lithium 
3 electrons, 3 protons, 3 neutrons


Questions:
1. What is the atomic number for each of your models?
Hydrogen: 1
Helium: 2
Lithium: 3

What is the atomic mass number for each of your models?
Hydrogen: 1.008
Helium: 4.002602
Lithium: 6.94

3. In your models, which two subatomic particles are equal in number?
Protons and Neutrons were the same in everyone.

4. How would you make an isotope for one of your models? What would change with the model?
I could have and should have changed my models, I wish I would have used darker markers, to make it more visible. I also would have changed the number of neutrons to make an isotope for one of the models. If the neutrons get changed, the atomic mass number would also change, however the atomic number would have remained the same. If I would have done this I believe I could have been more credible.

5. Considering the overall volume of your element models, what makes up most of the volume of an atom?
After observing my models, I noticed that the central nucleus makes up the most volume, by protons and neutrons along with the surrounding electrons.

6. For one of your models, show with another image what happens when energy excites an electron.
I couldn't think of a way to present the information of an excited electron all in on picture so I just found and posted one from online. 




7. Once the electron is excited, what do we typically observe when the electron returns to the ground-state?
When an electron is excited a photon is released.

8. Why are some elements different colors when they are excited? Hint: when electrons are excited (by something like heat from an explosive) they move up to another orbital and when they fall back they release the energy in the form of light.
When an element is excited, the electrons are in a high energy state.  When the electrons stabilize, energy is released in the form of light.  The color emitted is dependent on the amount of energy that is released from it.

9. With the Fourth of July coming up quickly, explain how the colors of fireworks arise.
Fireworks are brought up from reactive materials.  White is produced from elements such as magnesium or aluminum.  Colorful fireworks are produced from metal salts such as sodium chloride must be burned.  When a metal salt is heated, the individual metal atoms absorb the heat by moving an electron farther away from the positively charged nucleus of the atom, forming an excited state. 

10. Explain the overall organizational structure of the periodic table.
The periodic table is organized into rows and columns, groups and periods. The rows go from left to right according to the atomic number in increasing order. Then the table is organized by groups or families which are the vertical columns. The groups contain elements with similar chemical properties. The periods are organized in horizontal rows. The periodic table is then organized by blocks: s-blocks, p-block, d-block and the f-block. 

Monday, January 7, 2013

Activity #1

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As you can see I setup for the first experiment of Activity #1 by filling two 12 ounce cups full of water. 1 of the cups was water that I filled up in very, very cold tap water. The other cup was water that I filled with very, very warm tap water and then preceded to microwave the water for :45 seconds. If I could do this over again I would have taken the temperature of both waters before I put them in the freezer. I also would have recorded the temperature of the freezer. I didn't have a thermometer, however and just timed how long it took instead. I checked after twenty minutes and nothing had changed, except the cold cup got colder, and the warm cup was about room temperature. My hypothesis going into this experiment was that the cold water would freeze faster, because the hot water would have to cool a lot more than the cold water to reach freezing point. And I did this with my mom and she thought the hot water would freeze faster because it would be stunned and the molecules would slow down abruptly. 
Hot Water
Cold Water
After 20 mins.- Water changed to room temp.
After 20 mins.-Water got very, very cold
After 30 mins.-A very small amount of ice formed
After 30 mins.-Large amounts of Ice formed all over cup
After 40 mins.-Large amounts of Ice formed all over cup
After 40 mins.- 95% of the water was completely frozen
Some of the controlled variables were the kind of cups I used were somewhat insulated, I could have used a different container. I also could have used a larger or smaller amount of water. I could have changed the temperatures of water prior to putting them in the freezer. I also could have put the water in a different environment, or lowered or raised the temperature of the freezer. The theory of warm water freezing first was wrong and after witnessing evidence I am happy to be able to share with people that cold water freezes faster than warm water. 
This image is a good scientific picture on why I ended up with the result I did. the cold molecules stayed in side because of the relative temperature. And the warm water molecules some escaped. The second one I did was the salt water and regular water. I setup the same way as above and did the same water temperature for the cold water, except added 2 teaspoons of salt to the second glass. They both ended up freezing in relatively same time but the regular water had more ice and was more frozen. My hypothesis was right again because I thought since salt is used to melt snow I thought that it would take longer to freeze, and it did. The variables I could have changed were the same as above but I could have also changed the amount of salt used in this one. I had pictures of this one but had difficulty with my phone getting them on this one for some reason even though the other ones worked. The pictures would have looked the exact same however. And because the water was so close at each time they both had ice in the glasses but I know the regular water freezes faster because there was more ice than there was in the salt water. I would be happy to share with people that salt water freezes slower than regular water when at the same temperatures.